Schematic Images
Chapter II.1: Tear Film
Classical model of the precorneal tear film
Schirmer test in the temporal third of the lower eyelid
Tear meniscus
Tear meniscus cross-section
Schematic representation of a ruptured tear film
Dry patches
Regular target image of the Sutcliff ophthalmometer in the case of an intact tear film
Distorted (anamorphic) Sutcliff ophthalmometer target image in the case of a ruptured tear film
Ideal image of the keratograph targets
Distorted (anamorphic) image of the keratograph targets
Strongly distorted (anamorphic) image of the keratography targets
Strongly distorted (anamorphic) image of the keratography targets
Tear film dynamics
LIPCOF Grade 0
LIPCOF Grade 1
LIPCOF Grade 2
LIPCOF Grade 3
Chapter II.2: Anterior segment findings
Anterior eye segment
Chapter II.3: Eyelids
Cross-section of the upper eyelid
Incomplete closure of the eyelid
Chapter II.4: Conjunctiva
Anatomy of the conjunctiva
Overview of injection symptoms
Bulbar redness - Grade 0
Bulbar redness - Grade 1, Isolated injection
Bulbar redness - Gradе 2
Bulbar redness - Grade 3 bulbar conjunctival injection: 3/9 o’clock redness due to dryness, often associated with 3/9 o’clock superficial punctate keratitis
Bulbar redness - Gradе 4
Everted upper eyelid with papillae
Papillae with central blood vessel
Everted lower eyelid with follicles
Follicle with superficial blood vessels
Grade 0 tarsal conjunctival injection - junctional papillae may be present
Grade 1 tarsal conjunctival injection – slight redness
Grade 2 tarsal conjunctival injection – individual micropapillae (< 0.3 mm)
Grade 3 tarsal conjunctival injection – many macropapillae (0.3 – 1.0 mm)
Grade 4 tarsal conjunctival injection – CLIPC, GPC (papillae > 1.0 mm)
Pinguecula
Pterygium
Chapter II.5: Cornea
Illustration of the five layers of the cornea
From parallelepiped to optical section
From parallelepiped to optical section
From parallelepiped to optical section
Sclerotic scatter
Optical section for examining the endothelium
Diffuse illumination
Direct focal illumination: optical plane
Direct focal illumination: optical cut
Reflective illumination
Conical bundle
Indirect focal illumination
Retrograde illumination
Sclerotic illumination
Illustration of various epithelial abnormalities
3/9 o’clock punctate keratitis
Localized punctate keratitis with desiccation
Superficial, diffuse punctate keratitis
Central punctate keratitis
Deep, diffuse punctate keratitis
Air bubble dimple veiling
Impression from a foreign object
Erosion
Light-and-shadow phenomenon of microcysts and vacuoles
Location of microcysts and vacuoles
Stromal striae and Descemet’s folds
Location of the striae
Grade 1 vascularization
Grade 2 vascularization
Grade 3 vascularization
Grade 4 vascularization
Location of infiltrates
AI - Asymptomatic infiltrates
AIK - Asymptomatic infiltrative keratitis
IK - Infiltrative Keratitis
CLARE - Contact lens-induced acute red eye
CLPU - Contact lens-induced peripheral ulcer
Corneal ulcer sectional views
MK - Microbial keratitis
Hexagonal arrangement of endothelial cells
Polymegathism
Endothelial blebs
Cornea guttata
Location of precipitates
Chapter II.6: Anterior segment findings
Cross-section through the anterior chamber
Appearance of the slit image in Van Herick’s method
Measurement setup in Van Herick’s method
Van Herick’s Grade 4 - SC : ACA ratio = 1 : 1
Van Herick’s Grade 3 - SC : ACA ratio = 1 : ½
Van Herick’s Grade 2 - SC:ACA ratio = 1 : ¼
Van Herick’s Grade 1 - SC : ACA ratio = 1 : <¼
Van Herick’s Grade 0 - closed chamber angle
Illustration of Smith’s method – setup
Illustration of Smith’s method - slit images in alignment
Chapter II.8: The Crystalline lens
Frontal view
Cross-sectional side view
Frontal view
Cross-sectional side view
Frontal view
Cross-sectional side view
Chapter IV.4: Appendix (Contact lens terms)
Contact lens terms